Class 10 Cbse Biology (Ncert Science) | Life Processes - Study Material with Extra Questions

Class X, NCERT (CBSE) Science (Biology)

 Chapter 6, LIFE PROCESSES

Study Materials

Nutrition

All living organisms require energy to carry on various maintenance processes. This energy comes from the outside the body of the individual organism. Some organism utilize simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water, whereas other organisms utilize complex substances which are required to be digested before they can be utilized for various life processes such as growth, maintenance and repair. So, “Nutrition” is a process by which a source of energy from outside the body of the organism, which we call food, is transferred to inside the body of the organism.

modes of nutrition

There are two modes of nutrition - Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.

Autotrophic Nutrition - In this type of nutrition food is synthesized by the organism itself (autotrophs) from simple inorganic raw materials such as CO₂ and H₂O. The essential elements of Autotrophic Nutrition are the presence of green pigment (Chlorophyll) and Sunlight. All green plants and some bacteria have this type of nutrition.

Heterotrophic Nutrition - Some organisms are unable to synthesize their own food. These organisms rather obtain their food directly or indirectly from autotrophs. This food is then broken down with the help of some enzymes. This mode of nutrition is called ‘Heterotrophic Nutrition’. In this type of nutrition no pigment or sunlight is required. All animals, fungi and some bacteria have this type of nutrition.

photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll-containing cells in plants synthesize food in the form of carbohydrates, carbon dioxide and water using sunlight. The raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water and the products formed are carbohydrates and oxygen. The process can be represented as:

The process of photosynthesis occurs in two phases -

1. Light Reactions : This reaction takes place in the presence of light. Events occuring during Light Reactions are -

a. absorption of light energy by chlorophyll molecules.

b. splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

c. formation of ATP and NADPH₂

2. Dark Reactions : This reaction does not require direct light and occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. During this phase, reduction of CO₂ takes place to form carbohydrates.   

Nutrition in amoeba

Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface, called pseudopodia, which fuse over the food particle forming a food - vacuole. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. 

Nutrition in human beings

Eating nutritious food is healthy because it supplies essential nutrients required to sustain life. It is by the process of digestion that the nutrients present in the food are utilized by the human body. The following are the different digestive organs and their functions -

Mouth

Digestion of food begins in the mouth. It comprises of the following parts -

Teeth: Tear and break down the food.   

Saliva: Contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which help to break down starch into sugar.

Tongue: It is a sense organ with taste buds. Its muscular movements help to move the food from the mouth into inside.

pharynx

It opens into the oesophagus (which leads to the stomach) and trachea (which leads to the lungs). Pharynx is a common passageway for food and air.

oesophagus

The peristaltic movements of the longitudinal smooth muscles in oesophagus push the food into the stomach and also prevent the chewed food material from moving back into the mouth.

stomach

The stomach stores and mixes the food from oesophagus with the gastric juice. The main components of gastric juice, which is secreted by gastric glands present in the walls of the stomach, are HCl, mucus, and pepsynogen.

small intestine

1. It is the longest part of the elementary canal and is made up of three parts - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

2. The length of the small intestine depends on the type of food consumed by the organism and hence, differ ijn various animals.

3. It also produces intestinal juice from glands present in the wall which helps in further digestion of the food.

4. Other digestive juices like - bile juice (which causes emulsification of fats) and the pancreatic juice (for digesting proteins and emulsified fats) mix with the food in the small intestine.

5. The small intestine is the site for complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

6. The digested food is then absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported to the various parts of the body.

large intestine

The indigestible material and water enters the large intestine. The large intestine performs the function of storage of wastes (faeces) before they are excreted from the body via the anus.

atp

The energy released during the process of respiration is used to form high energy ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) molecules. ATP is known as energy currency of the cell and it is used as cellular fuel for most cellular processes. ATP is called ‘energy currency’ of the cell because the energy required for various life activities is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP molecules, which is used by the body performing various activities. For example, energy stored in ATP is used to bring about energy requiring activities of cell such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and muscle contraction.  

lymphatic system

Lymph is another fluid connective tissue, which helps in the process of transportation. Some pores are present in the walls of the capillaries and through these pores, small amounts of plasma, proteins, and blood cells escaped into the intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein. Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which joined to form large lymph vessels.

Functions of the Lymph:

1. It acts as a reservoir of water, salts and digested food.

2. It carries digested food and fats from the small intestine. Lymphatic vessels present in the intestinal villi absorb fatty acids.

3. It contains phagocytes that can engulf and destroy bacteria. and other foreign particles.     

function of kidneys

Kidneys form a part of human excretory system. Different functions of kidneys are as follows:

1. Kidneys filter waste products from the blood e.g. various nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid etc.

2. Kidneys play an important role in the formation of urine.

3. It helps us in maintaining the water balance of our body by removing excess fluids.

4. It is the basic filtration unit of the excretory system.

5. They also make hormones that keep the bones strong and healthy.     

Cbse (CCE type) Sample Questions

Q.1: Which pigment captures solar energy?

Ans: Chlorophyll

Q.2: Name any three life processes.

Ans: Nutrition, respiration and blood circulation

Q.3: Answer the following questions:

(i) What is the first reaction in photosynthesis?

(ii) In which form do plants store food?

Ans: (i) The first reaction in photosynthesis is the photolysis of water.

(ii) The product of photosynthesis is glucose, which is stored in plants in the form of starch.

Q.4: What are the inorganic sources used by plants for making food?

Ans: Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.

Q.5: Briefly describe the digestive functions of liver and pancreas.

Ans: Liver :

1. The liver secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder from where it is sent to the duodenum whenever needed.

2. The bile breaks down the fat droplets into small fat globules. This phenomenon is known as emulsification of the fat.

Pancreas :

1. Pancreas secretes a juice which is sent to the duodenum.

2. Pancreatic juice contains different enzymes. The Trypsin, which digests proteins into peptones, and the pancreatic amylase, which digests starch into sugar. The lipase which breaks down the emulsified fats.

3. It also produces hormones - insulin and glucagon. This insulin is a very important hormone that regulates the sugar level in blood.  

Ncert (Cbse) Biology ‘Life Processes’ - further study

• CBSE Science, Class X | Chapter 6, LifeProcesses | NCERT Textbook Exercise (Answers) 
• Life Processes | Class 10, CBSE Biology| Chapter 6, NCERT Science Textbook In-text Questions - Answers

Life Processes | Class 10, CBSE Biology | Chapter 6, NCERT Science Textbook In-text Questions - Answers

Class X, Cbse Ncert Science(Biology)

Chapter 6, LIFE PROCESSES

In-Text Questions (Page 95)

Q.1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like humans?

Answer: Unlike the unicellular organisms, the multi-cellular organisms have complex body structures with specialized cells and tissues to perform various necessary functions of the body. Since these cells are not in direct contact with surrounding environment so, simple diffusion cannot meet the oxygen requirement of all these cells. 

Q.2: What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

Answer: Living organisms must keep repairing and maintaining their body structures. All these structures are made up of molecules. They must be capable of moving molecules around, all the time. So, molecular movement is one necessary criterion for something to be alive. However, molecular movements are generally not visible to the naked eye. Other such criteria including visible movements are like – walking, breathing etc.

Q.3: What are outside raw materials used by an organism?

Answer: Various outside raw materials used by an organism are as follows:

a. Food as source of supplying energy and materials.

b. Oxygen for breakdown of food to obtain energy.

c. Water for proper digestion of food and other functions inside the body.

The raw materials required by an organism will vary depending on the complexity of the organism and its environment.  

Q.4: What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Answer: There are various life processes which are essential for maintaining life. Some of them are as follows:

a. Nutrition

b. Respiration

c. Excretion

d. Transportation

(Page 101)  

Q.1: What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Answer:  

Autotrophic Nutrition	Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. In this type of nutrition food is synthesized from simple inorganic raw materials. 2. For autotrophic nutrition, presence of chlorophyll (green pigment) and sunlight are necessary. So, autotrophic nutrition generally takes place during day time. 3. For example, all green plants and some bacteria have this type of nutrition.	1. In this type of nutrition food is obtained from autotrophs. 2. No pigment and sunlight is required for heterotrophic nutrition. Food can be prepared at any time. 3. For example, all animals including human being and fungi have this type of nutrition.

Q.2: Where do the plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

Answer: Plants need the following things for photosynthesis:

Carbon Dioxide - Plants get CO₂ from atmosphere through stomata.

Water - Plants absorb water from soil through roots and transport to leaves.

Sunlight - Sunlight, which is absorbed by the chlorophyll and other green parts of the plant.  

Q.3: What is the role of acid in our stomach?

Answer: Roles of acid in our stomach are -

1. It makes an acidic medium in our stomach which is necessary for activation of pepsin enzyme.

2. It kills germs present in the food.

Q.4: What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Answer: The food materials are very complex in nature. Digestive enzymes such as, amylase, lipase, pepsin, Trypsin etc.  Help to break these complex molecules into smaller molecules so that they can be absorbed by the walls of small intestine.     

Q.5: How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?   

Answer: Small intestine is designed to more and more area for absorption of digested food and transfer into the blood for circulation throughout the body. The inner lining of small intestine has a large number of finger-like projections called villi. These villi provide a large surface area for absorption of food. These villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body, where it is used for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and repairing of old tissues.      

(Page 105)

Q.1: What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtain oxygen for respiration?

Answer: The organisms that live in water use oxygen dissolved in surrounding water. Since, air dissolved in water has fairly low concentration of oxygen, the aquatic organisms has much faster rate of breathing.

Terrestrial organisms take oxygen from the oxygen - rich atmosphere through respiratory organs. So, they have much less breathing rate than aquatic organism.    

Q.2: What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Answer: At first glucose (6 carbon molecules) is broken in the cytoplasm of cells of all organisms. This process yields a 3 carbon molecule compound called pyruvate.

Further break down of pyruvate takes place in different manners in different organisms. 

1. Anaerobic Respiration

This process takes place in absence of oxygen, e.g. in yeast during fermentation. In this case pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

2. Aerobic Respiration

In aerobic respiration, breakdown of pyruvate takes place in presence of oxygen to give rise 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and water. The release of energy in aerobic respiration is much more than anaerobic respiration.

3. Lack of Oxygen

Sometimes, when there is lack of oxygen, especially during vigorous activity, in our muscles, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (3 carbon molecule compounds). Formation of lactic acid in muscles causes cramp.   

Q.3: How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

Answer: (a) Transport of Oxygen

The respiratory pigments (haemoglobin) present in red blood cells takes up the oxygen from the air to the lungs. They carry the oxygen to tissues which are deficient in oxygen.

(b) Transport of carbon dioxide

Carbon Dioxide is more soluble in water. Hence, it is mostly transported from body tissues in the dissolved form in our blood plasma to lungs where it diffuses from blood to air in the lungs and then expelled out through nostrils.    

Q.4: How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?  

Answer: In the lungs, the air passage (wind pipe) divides into smaller tubes, called ‘bronchi’ in turn form ‘bronchioles’. The bronchioles which terminate in balloon - like structures, are called ‘alveoli’. Each lung contains 300 - 350 million alveoli. The alveoli present in the lungs provide maximum surface for exchange of gases. The alveoli have very thin walls and contain an extensive network of blood vessels to facilitate exchange of gases.

(Page 110)

Q.1: What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?  

Answer: Transport system in human beings consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.

Functions:

Heart - Heart is a pumping organ to push and pull blood around the body. Heart receives the deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body. It sends this impure blood to lungs for oxygenation. Again after receiving pure blood from lungs it sends this oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Blood - It is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of: (a) plasma, (b) RBC, (c) WBC, and (d) blood platelets. Plasma transports food, CO₂ and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. RBC transports respiratory gases and hormones. WBC protects the body from infections and platelets prevent the loss of blood at the time of injury by forming blood clots.

Blood vessels - There is a network of blood vessels which contain arteries, veins and capillaries. They help in the circulation of blood throughout the body.      

Q.2: Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? 

Answer: It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to maintain efficient supply of oxygen into the body. This system is essential in animals that have high energy need. For example, animals like mammals and birds which constantly use this energy to maintain their body temperature.

Q.3: What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?

Answer: The main components of transport system in plants are:

1. Xylem, 2. Phloem.

Xylem - It consists of vessels and tracheids. Xylem helps to conduct water and minerals from soil to the leaves.

Phloem - It consists of sieve tubes and companion cell. Phloem helps to transport food materials from leaves to various parts of the plant. This process is called translocation.    

Q.4: How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer: Water and minerals are transported through xylem cells from soil to the leaves. The xylem cells of roots stem and leaves are interconnected to form a conducting channel that reaches all parts of the plant. The root cells take ions from the soil. This creates a difference between the concentration of ions of roots and soil. Therefore, there is a steady movement of water into xylem. An osmotic pressure is formed and water and minerals are transported from one cell to the other cell due to osmosis. The continuous loss of water takes place due to transpiration. Because of transpiration, also a suction pressure is created as a result of which water is forced into the xylem cells of roots. The effect of root pressure for transportation in plants is more important in night while during day time transpiration pull becomes the major driving force.      

Q.5: How is the food transported in plants?  

Answer: The prepared food is transported in the plants through phloem to the storage organs of roots, fruits, seeds and growing parts. This process is called translocation. This function is done by sieve tubes and companion cells. The movement of food particles takes place upward and downward.

Mechanism of translocation is an active process that utilizes energy. Materials are transferred from leaf cells or from the site of storage into phloem tissue. For this energy is required which is provided by the ATP molecules. This energy increases the osmotic pressure, as a result, water from outside moves into the phloem. This pressure maintains the movement of food through all the parts of plants.

(Page 112)      

Q.1: Describe the structure and functioning of nephron.

Answer: Structure of Nephron

Nephron is the filtration unit of kidney. It consists of a tubule which is connected with collecting duct at one end and a cup - shaped structure at the other end.

This cup-shaped structure is called ‘Bowman’s capsule’. Every Bowman’s capsule contains a cluster of capillaries, called ‘Glomerulus’, within the cup - shaped structure. The blood enters into Glomerulus through afferent arteriole of renal artery and leaves it through efferent arteriole.  

Functioning of Nephron

1. Filtration: Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries of glomerulus. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. This filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and a major amount of water.

2. Re-absorption: As the filtrate flows along the tubule useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and water are selectively re-absorbed into the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule.

The amount of water re-absorbed depends on the need of the body and also on the amount of wastes to be excreted.

3. Urine: The filtrate which remains after re-absorption is called urine. Urine contains dissolved nitrogenous waste, i.e. urea and uric acid, excess salts and water. Urine is collected from nephrons by the collecting duct to carry it to the ureter.  

Q.2: What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

Answer: To get rid of excretory products, plants use the following ways:

(1) Many waste products are stored in vacuoles of the cells. Plant cells have comparatively large vacuoles. 

(2) Some waste products are stored in the leaves. They are removes as the leaves fall off.

(3) Some waste products such as resins and gums are stored, especially in non-functional old xylem.

(4) Some waste products such as tannins, resins, gums are stored in bark, thereby removed as peeled off.

(5) Plants excrete some waste products through roots into the soil around them.

(6) Plants also get rid of excess water through transpiration.  

Q.3: How is the amount of urine produced regulated?  

Answer: The amount of urine largely depends on the amount of excess water or water reabsorbed and also dissolved wastes present in the body. When excess water in the body is more, large quantities of dilute urine is excreted out. On the other hand if the excess water is less, a small quantity of concentrated urine is excreted. When there is more quantity of dissolved wastes in the body, more quantity of water is required to excrete them. As a result of which, the urine produced increases.

The amount of urine produced also depends on some other factors like:

(a) Habitat of an organism

(b) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).       

Further Study on the chapter ‘Life Processes’

• CBSE Science, Class X | Chapter 6, LifeProcesses | NCERT Textbook Exercise (Answers) 
• Chapter-6, Life Processes | Class X,NCERT (CBSE) Biology Science | Study Material with Additional Questions

NCERT (CBSE) Hindi Solutions | Class 8, Vasant Bhag 3 | Chapter 9, कबीर की सखियाँ

NCERT (CBSE) Hindi Answers 

Basant (Vasant) Bhag 3 - कबीर की सखियाँ

प्रश्न-अभ्यास

पाठ से
प्रश्न १: 'तलवार का महत्व होता है, म्यान का नहीं' - उक्त उदाहरण से कबीर क्या कहना चाहता है? स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर: ' तलवार का महत्वा होता है, म्यान का नहीं' से कबीर यह कहना चाहते हैं कि असली चीज़ कद्र की जानी चाहिए। दिखावटी वस्तु का कोई महत्व नहीं होता है। इश्वर का भी स्वाभाविक ज्ञान ज़रूरी है। ढोंग-आडम्बर तो म्यान के समान निरर्थक हैं। असली ब्रह्म को पहचानो और उसी को स्वीकारो।
प्रश्न २: पाठ की तीसरी साखी- जिसकी एक पंक्ति हैं 'मनवा तो चहुँ दिसि फिरै, यह तो सुमिरन नाहि' के द्वारा कबीर क्या कहना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर: इस साखी के द्वारा कबीर केवल माला फेरकर इश्वर की उपासना करने को ढोंग बताते हैं। माला फेरने और मुँह से राम-राम जाप करना व्यर्थ है। इश्वर उपासना के लिए मन की एकाग्रता आवश्यक है। इसके बिना इश्वर स्मरण नहीं किया जा सकता।
प्रश्न ३: कबीर घास की निंदा करने से मना करते हैं। कबीर के दोहे में 'घास' का विशेष अर्थ क्या है और कबीर के उक्त दोहे संदेश क्या है?
उत्तर: कबीर अपने दोहे में उस घास तक की निंदा करने से मना करते हैं जो हमारे पैरों के तले होती है। कबीर के दोहे में 'घास' का विशेष अर्थ है। यहाँ घास दबे-कुचले व्यक्तियों की प्रतीक है। इन लोगों को तुच्छ मानकर निंदा की जाती है, जबकि ऐसा करना सर्वथा अनुचित है। कबीर के दोहे का संदेश यही है कि किसी की निंदा मत करो, विशेषकर छोटे लोगों की। व्यक्ति या प्राणी चाहे वह जितना भी छोटा हो उसे तुच्छ समझकर उसकी निंदा नहीं करनी चाहिए।
पाठ से आगे
प्रश्न १: "या आपा को . . . . . . . . . आपा खोय।" इन दो पंक्तियों में 'आपा' को छोड़ देने की बात की गई है। 'आपा' किस अर्थ में प्रयुक्त हुआ है? क्या 'आपा' स्वार्थ के निकट का अर्थ देता है या घमंड का?
उत्तर: 'आपा' अंहकार के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त हुआ है। 'आपा' घमंड का अर्थ देता है।
प्रश्न २: आपके विचार में 'आपा' और 'आत्मविश्वाश' में तथा 'आपा' और 'उत्साह' में क्या कोई अन्तर हो सकता है? स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर: (क) आपा में आत्मविश्वाश होता है जो अहंकार का रूप ले लेता है। आत्मविश्वाश एक गुण है। यह अपने पर भरोसा होता है। (ख) आपा में अहं का भाव है तथा उत्साह में किसी काम को करने का जोश होता है।
प्रश्न ४: कबीर के दोहों को साखी क्यों कहा जाता है?
उत्तर: कबीर के दोहों को साखी इसलिए कहा जाता है क्योंकि इनमें श्रोता को गवाह बनाकर साक्षात् ज्ञान दिया गया है।

Cbse Class 8, Hindi Vasant (Basant) Bhag 3 | NCERT Sample Qestions | | बस की यात्रा

Class VIII Ncert (Cbse) Hindi Vasant (Basant) Bhag 3

Chapter 3, Vasant Bhag-3 | बस की यात्रा | NCERT Solutions of ExerciseQuestions READ

CCE pattern Sample Questions + Answers

प्रश्न १: लेखक और उसके मित्रों ने एक दिन क्या तय किया ?

उत्तर: एक दिन लेखक और उसके मित्रों ने तय किया कि वे शाम चार बजे की बस से चलेंगे | पन्ना से इसी कंपनी की बस सतना पहुँचा देगी | वहाँ से जबलपुर के लिए ट्रेन मिलती है | अतः वे सुबह जबलपुर जबलपुर पहुँच जाएँगे | मित्रों में से दो को सुबह काम पर हाज़िर होना था | 

प्रश्न २: डाक्टर मित्र ने क्या कहा ?

उत्तर: डाक्टर मित्र ने कहा - "डरो मत, चलो! बस अनुभवी है | नयी-नवेली बसों से ज्यादा विश्वसनीय है | हमें बेटों की तरह प्यार से गोद में लेकर चलेगी |" 

प्रश्न ३: रूकी बस की हालत देखकर लेखक को क्या लग रहा था ?       

उत्तर: लेखक को क्षीण चाँदनी में वृक्षों की छाया के नीचे वह बस बड़ी दयनीय लग रही थी | लगता था, जैसे कोई वृद्धा थक कर बैठ गई हो | लेखक को ग्लानी हो रही थी कि बेचारी पर लदकर हम चले आ रहे हैं | अगर इसका प्राणांत हो गया तो इस बियाबान में हमें इसकी अंतेष्टि करनी पड़ेगी |    

Chapter 5, Social and Political Life II - Women Change the World | NCERT (CBSE) Class VII Social Science | Model Questions

Cbse Board, Class 7, Ncert Social Science (Civics)

Women Change the World

CCE type sample questions - answers

Q.1: Why was learning the alphabet so important to women? Discuss.

Answer: Learning the alphabet so important to women because they were not allowed get education under any circumstances. Unlike Rashsundari Devi & Rokeya Hossain, who were not allowed to learn to read & write, large number of girls attend school in India today. Despite this, there continue to be many girls who leave school for reasons of poverty, inadequate schooling facilities and discrimination. Providing equal schooling facilities to children from all communities and class backgrounds, and particularly girls, continues to be a challenge in India even today. Learning of alphabet or getting education for women is equally important as men. Because after getting education only, they can fulfill their dream and achieve their goals in life, and also contribute to the society.

Q.2: What did learning to read and write led some women to?

Answer: Learning to read and write led some women to do so many things like –

1. To question the situation of the women in society. 
2. They wrote stories, letters and autobiographies and described their own experiences of    inequality. 
3. In their writings, they also imagined new ways of thinking and living for both men and women.

Q.3: Describe the changes in the learning system during the 19^th century?

Answer: In the 19^th century, many new ideas about education and learning emerged. Schools became more common and communities that had never learned reading & writing started sending their children school. But there was a lot of opposition to educating girls even then. 

Class 7 Cbse Social Science (Civics) | Social and Political Life II, Chapter 5 - Women Change the World | Ncert Solutions for Textbook Exercise