Acids, Bases and Salts | Class X, NCERT Chemistry | Science CBSE Notes and Sample Questions

Class X - CBSE Chemistry (Science)

 NCERT Class 10, Science Textbook - Chapter 2, Acids, Bases and Salts

  Science - Chemistry Notes

Some Points to Remember

Sample Questions

Q1: Define (i) Acid (ii) Bases (iii) Salt

Q2: What is Universal Indicator?

Q3: Why is it advised to clean mouth after consuming food? or

      pH change is a cause for toot decay. Explain.

Q4: How sodium hydroxide is produced? or

      What is ‘Chlor-alkali’ process? or

     What do we obtain by electrolysis of brine?

Q5: Give some uses of sodium hydroxide.

Q6: How bleaching powder is formed? Give some uses of bleaching powder.

Q8: Give the chemical equation for the production of baking soda.

Q9: What is baking powder?

Q10: What happens when we heat sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda)?

Q11: What is ‘water of crystallization’?

Q12: What are hydrated salts? Give an example.

Q13: Why does an indicator change its colour in an acidic or basic solution?    

Q14: Name some chemicals obtained by using sodium chloride (common salt) as a raw material.

Q15: What are strong and weak acids?

Q16: What is ‘Plaster of Paris’?

Click to get the Answers and MORE

Further Study on Chapter 2, Acids, Bases and Salts

• 10th CBSE Science (Chemistry) | Chapter 2, Acids, Bases and Salts | NCERT Science Textbook Exercise Solution Read 
• CBSE Xth Science (Chemistry) | Acids, Bases and Salts | NCERT Solutions for In-Text Questions Read 
• CBSE Class 10 NCERT Science (Chemistry) - Multiple Choice Questions (mcq) | Chapter 2, Acids, Bases and Salts Read  

CBSE Hindi (A) - Class 10, NCERT Hindi (A) Answers - Kshitij (Bhag - 2) | बालगोबिन भगत

बालगोबिन भगत

NCERT (CBSE) Xth Hindi Kshitij (Bhag - 2) | Textbook Exercise Answers 

प्रश्न १: खेतीबारी से जुड़े गृहस्थ बालगोबिन भगत अपनी किन चारित्रिक विशेषताओं के कारण साधु कहलाते थे ? 

उत्तर: बालगोबिन भगत खेतीबारी से जुड़े गृहस्थ थे, फिर भी वे साधु कहलाते थे| इसका कारण उनके चरित्र की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ थीं - 

१. वे कबीर के आदर्शों पर चलते थे और उन्हीं के गीत गाते थे|  वे शरीर को नश्वर तथा आत्मा को परमात्मा का अंश मानते थे| 

२. उनमें लालच बिल्कुल भी नहीं था|   

३. वे कभी झूठ नहीं बोलते थे| बिल्कुल खरा व्यवहार रखते थे | 

४. वे किसी दूसरे की चीज़ नहीं लेते थे | यहाँ तक कि वे दूसरे के खेत मैं शौच तक न करते| 

५. उनके खेत में जो कुछ पैदा होता उसे एक कबीरपंथी मठ में ले जाते और उसमें से जो हिस्सा 'प्रसाद' रूप में वापस मिलता, वे उसी से गुज़ारा करते| 

इस प्रकार वे अपना सब कुछ इश्वर को समर्पित कर देते थे| 

प्रश्न २: भगत की पुत्रवधू उन्हें अकेले क्यों नहीं छोड़ना चाहती थी? 

उत्तर: भगत बूढ़े हो चुके थे और उनके परिवार में पुत्रवधू के अतिरिक्त और कोई भी नहीं था| पुत्रवधू को इस बात की चिंता थी कि यदि वह भी चली गयी, तो भगत के लिए भोजन कौन बनेगा| यदि भगत बीमार हो गए, तो उनकी सेवा-शुश्रूषा कौन करेगा| इस प्रकार भगत को अपने शेष जीवन में दुःख न उठाना पड़े और वह सदा उसकी करती रहे, यही सोचकर पुत्रवधू उन्हें अकेले नहीं छोड़ना चाहती थी| 

प्रश्न ३: भगत ने अपने बेटे की मृत्यु पर अपनी भावनाएँ किस तरह व्यक्त कीं ? 

उत्तर: अपने बेटे की मृत्यु होने पर भगत उसके शव के पास बैठकर कबीर के भक्तिगीत गाने लगे| अपनी भावनाएँ व्यक्त करते हुए भगत ने अपने पुत्रवधू से कहा कि यह रोने का नहीं बल्कि उत्सव मनाने का समय है| विरहिणी आत्मा अपने प्रियतम परमात्मा के पास चली गई है| उन दोनों के मिलन से बड़ा आनंद और कुछ नहीं हो सकती| इस प्रकार भगत ने शरीर की नश्वरता और आत्मा की अमरता का भाव व्यक्त किया| 

प्रश्न ४: भगत के व्यक्तित्व और उनकी वेशभूषा का अपने शब्दों में चित्र प्रस्तुत कीजिये| 

उत्तर: बालगोबिन भगत के व्यक्तित्व:

बालगोबिन भगत एक गृहस्थ थे लेकिन उनमें साधु-संन्यासिओं के गुण भी थे| उनका अचार-व्यवहार इतना पवित्र और आदर्शपूर्ण था कि वे गृहस्थ होते हुए भी वास्तव में संन्यासी थे| वे अपने किसी काम के लिए दूसरों को कष्ट नहीं देना चाहते थे| बिना अनुमति के किसी की वस्तु को हाथ नहीं लगाते थे| यहाँ तक कि वे दूसरे के खेत मैं शौच तक न करते| कबीर के आदर्शों को पालन करना उनका धर्म था| वे कभी झूठ नहीं बोलते थे और खरा व्यवहार रखते| खेत में जो कुछ पैदा होता उसे एक कबीरपंथी मठ में ले जाते और उसमें से जो हिस्सा 'प्रसाद' रूप में वापस मिलता, वे उसी से गुज़ारा करते| वे तो अलौकिक संगीत के ऐसे गायक थे कि कबीर के पद उनके कंठ से निकलकर सजीव हो उठते थे| आत्मा परमात्मा पर उनका इतना अटल विश्वास था कि अपने एकमात्र पुत्र की मृत्यु हो जाने पर भी उन्हों ने अपने पुत्रवधू से कहा कि यह रोने का नहीं, बल्कि उत्सव मनाने का समय है| भगतजी का वैराग्य तथा निःस्वार्थ व्यक्तित्व का परिचय इस बात से भी मिलता है जब वे अपने बेटे के श्राद्ध की अवधी पूरी होते ही अपने पुत्रवधू को उसकी पिता के घर भेज दिया तथा उसका दूसरा विवाह कर देने का आदेश दिया|             

बालगोबिन भगत की वेशभूषा :

बालगोबिन भगत मँझोले क़द के गोरे-चिट्टे आदमी थे| उम्र साथ से ऊपर होने के कारण उनके बाल पककर सफ़ेद हो गए थे, जिनसे उनका चेहरा जगमगाता था | वे कमर में मात्र एक लंगोटी और सर पर कबीरपंथियों जैसे कनफटी टोपी पहनते थे| जादा आने पर एक काली कमली ओढ़ लेते थे| मस्तक पर रामानंदी चन्दन लगाते और गले में तुलसी माला रहती थी| 

प्रश्न ५: बालगोबिन भाग्फत की दिनचर्या लोगों के अचरज का कारण क्यों थी?

उत्तर: बालगोबिन भाग्फत की दिनचर्या लोगों के अचरज का कारण इसलिए बन गई थी क्योंकि वे जीवन के सिद्धांतों और आदर्शों का अत्यंत गहराई से पालन करते हुए उन्हें अपने आचरण में उतारते थे| उदाहरण के लिए कभी झूठ न बोलना, दूसरों की चीज़ को बिना अनुमति के हाथ न लगना, आदि| वृद्ध होते हुए भी उनकी स्फूर्ति में कोई कमी नहीं थी| सर्दी के मौसम हो या भरे बादलों वाले भादों की आधी रात हो, भोर में सबसे पहले उठकर उनका गाँव से दो मील दूर स्थित गंगा स्नान करने जाना, खेतों में अकेले ही खेती करते रहना तथा गीत गाते रहना आदि लोगों के लिए उनके प्रति कौतुहल के कारण थे| विपोरीत परिस्थिति होने के बाद भी उनकी दिनचर्या में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं आता था| एक वृद्ध में अपने कार्य के प्रति इतनी सगाज्ता को देखकर लोग दंग रह जाते थे| 

प्रश्न ६: पाठ के आधार पर बालगोबिन भगत के मधुर गायन की विशेषताएँ लिखिए| 

उत्तर: बालगोबिन भगत अलौकिक संगीत के ऐसे गायक थे| कबीर के पद उनके कंठ से निकलकर सजीव हो उठते थे|गर्मी के समय भरी शाम को भी भगत का गायन अपनी दिनचर्या के अनुसार जारी रहता| भक्तिगीत को गाने में वे कभी थकान नहीं महसूस करते थे| इस प्रकार स्वरों की ताजगी भगत की गायन की एक प्रमुख विशेषता थी| भगत के गायन एक निश्चित ताल व गति थी| भगत के स्वर के आरोह के साथ श्रोताओं का मन भी ऊपर उठता चला जाता और लोग अपने तन-मन की सुध-बुध खोकर संगीत की स्वर लहरी में ही तल्लीन हो जाते| भगत के स्वर की तरंग लोगों के मन के तारों को झंकृत कर देती| ऐसा लगता जैसे संगीत में दूबाहुआ उनका एक-एक शब्द स्वर्ग की ओर जा रहा हो| 

प्रश्न ७: कुछ मार्मिक प्रसंगों के आधार पर यह दिखाई देता है कि बालगोबिन भगत प्रचलित सामाजिक मान्यताओं को नहीं मानते थे| पाठ के आधार पर उन प्रसंगों का उल्लेख कीजिये| 

उत्तर: कुछ ऐसे मार्मिक प्रसंग है, जिनके आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि बालगोबिन भगत उन प्रचलित सामाजिक मान्यताओं को नहीं मानते थे, जो विवेक की कसौटी पर खरी नहीं उतरती थीं| उदाहरणस्वरुप: 

• बालगोबिन भगत के पुत्र की मृत्यु हो गई, तो उन्हों ने सामाजिक परंपराओं के अनुरूप अपने पुत्र का क्रिया-कर्म नहीं किया| उन्होंने कोई तूल न करते हुए बिना कर्मकांड के श्राद्ध-संस्कार कर दिया| 
• सामाजिक मान्यता है की मृत शरीर को मुखाग्नि पुरूष वर्ग के हाथों दी जाती है| परंतु भगत ने अपने पुत्र को मुखाग्नि अपनी पुत्रवधू से ही दिलाई| 
• हमारे समाज में विधवा विवाह को मान्यता नहीं दी गई है, परंतु भगत ने अपननी पुत्रवधू को पुनर्विवाह करने का आदेश दे दिया| 

पाठ के शेष प्रश्न व अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तर                   

Class IX, Biology Answers | NCERT (CBSE) Science - Chapter 6, Tissues - Intext Questions

CBSE Science Class IX - NCERT Biology

Chapter - 6, TISSUES (Intext Questions Answers)

Q.1: What is a tissue?

Q.2: What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?

Q.3: Name types of simple tissues.

Q.4: Where is apical meristem found?

Q.5: Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?

Q.6: What are the constituents of phloem?

Q.7: Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.

Q.8: What does a neuron look like?

Q9: Give the three features of cardiac muscles.

Q.10: What are the functions of areolar tissue?

Click here to see Answers

NCERT (CBSE) Class IX Science Chapter 6, Tissues - Further study

• TISSUES | NCERT Science - CBSE IXth Class Biology | Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• TISSUES | CBSE Board Class 9 Biology NCERT Science Textbook Exercise Solutions
• Class IX, NCERT - CBSE Biology Science, Chapter 6, TISSUES | Notes and Sample Questions

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CBSE Mathematics Class VIII NCERT Solutions for Mathematics | Chapter 2, Linear Equations in One Variable | NCERT Textbook Exercise 2.1

Class 8, CBSE NCERT Mathematics Solution

Exercise 2.1 (Linear Equations in One Variable)

(page 23, 24)

Q1: Solve: x – 2 = 7

Solution:

 x − 2 = 7

Adding 2 to both sides or transposing 2 to R.H.S, we obtain

x = 7 + 2 = 9

Q2: Solve: y + 3 = 10

Solution:

y + 3 = 10

Subtracting 3 from both sides we obtain,

y + 3 – 3 = 10 – 3

Or, y = 7

Q3: 6 = z + 2

Solution:  (do it yourself)

Q4: Solve: 

Solution:  

Subtracting 3/7 from both sides or transposing 3/7 to R.H.S, we get

Q5: 6x = 12

Solution:

6x = 12

Dividing both sides by 6, we obtain

x = 12/6 = 2

Q6: Solve:

Solution:  

(Multiply both sides by 5)

Q7: Solve: 

Solution:

Q9: 7x – 9 = 16

Solution:

7x – 9 + 9 = 16 + 9 (adding 9 both sides)

or, x = 25/7

Q10: Solve: 14y − 8 = 13

Solution:

14y − 8 = 13

or, 14y = 13 + 8

or, 14y = 21

or, dividing both sides by 14, we get

Q11: Solve: 17 + 6p = 9

Solution:

17 + 6p = 9

Subtracting 17 from both sides or transposing 17 to R.H.S, we obtain

6p = 9 − 17

or, 6p = −8

Q12: Solve:

Solution: 

Subtracting 1 from both sides, we get

TISSUES | CBSE Board Class 9 Biology NCERT Science Textbook Exercise Solutions

CBSE IX Biology - NCERT Answers Science Textbook Exercise Questions

Chapter - 6, TISSUES

Q.1: Define the term ‘tissue’?

Ans: The group of cells similar in structure that work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue. This group of cells has a common origin.

Q.2: How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.

Ans: Xylem is a complex tissue. It is made up of following four kinds of cells or elements:

(a) Tracheids

(b) Vessels

(c) Xylem parenchyma

(d) Xylem fibres.

Q.3: How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?

Ans:  Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform a common function. Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. all these coordinate to perform a common function.    

Q.4: Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.

Ans: The differences between cell walls of parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma are given in the following table:

Parenchyma	Collenchyma	Sclerenchyma
1. Cell wall is primary 2. Cells have thin walls and made up of cellulose.	1. Cell wall is primary. 2. Cell walls are thickened at the corners due to protein deposition.	1. Cell wall is secondary. 2. Cell wall is very thick due to lignin deposition.

Q.5: What are the functions of Stomata?  

Ans: The small pores present in the epidermis of the leaf are stomata. Stomata are enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells.

Functions of Stomata

1. Exchange of gases, particularly CO­₂ and O₂, with atmosphere.

2. Loss of water in the form of vapour during transpiration.      

Q.6: Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.

Ans: 

Fig: Striated muscles

Fig: Smooth (Un-striated) muscles

Fig: Cardiac muscles

Q.7: What is the specific function of cardiac muscle?

Ans: Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles which show characteristics of both smooth and striated muscles. These muscles occur in the walls of the heart.

Functions of Cardiac Muscles

1. Cardiac muscles contract and relax rapidly, rhythmically and tirelessly throughout life. They contract endlessly from early embryonic stage until death.

2. The contraction and relaxation of heart muscles help to pump and distribute blood to various parts of body.  

Q.8: Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site / location in the body.    

Ans: Striated, Unstriated and Cardiac muscles are three types of muscle tissues. Their different characteristics are as follows:

Character	Striated Muscles	Unstriated Muscles	Cardiac Muscles
1. Shape of cells	Cells are long cylindrical, non-tapering and un-branched	Cells are long with tapering ends (spindle shape) and un-branched.	Cells are non-tapering, cylindrical and branched.
2. Nucleus	Many nuclei (multi-nucleated) which are situated towards the periphery of muscle fibre.	The cells have only one nucleus (uni-nucleated) situated in the center.	Each cell contains one or two nuclei situated in the center.
3. Striation	Transverse alternate light and dark bands present.	Striations or strips are absent.	Cells have faint striations.
4. Mode of Contraction	Voluntary contract rapidly but soon undergo fatigue.	Involuntarily not at our will. Contract comparatively slow but do not fatigue.	Involuntary, rhythmically contract and relax throughout life without fatigue under normal conditions.
5. Example of location	Hands, legs and other skeletal muscles.	Stomach wall, intestine, ureter, bronchi etc.	Present in heart.

Q9: Draw a labeled diagram of neuron.

Ans:

Fig: Neuron

Q.10: Name the following:

(a) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth.

(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.

(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.

(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.

(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.

(f) Tissue present in brain.

Ans:

(a) Squamous epithelium (b) Tendon (c) Phloem (d) Adipose tissue (e) Blood (f) Nervous tissue.

Q.11: Identify the type of tissue in the following:

Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.

Ans:

(i) Skin - Striated Squamous epithelium

(ii) Bark of tree - Cork protective tissue

(iii) Bone - Connective tissue

(iv) Lining of kidney tubule - Cuboidal epithelium (Cuboidal epithelial tissue)

(v) Vascular bundle - Complex permanent tissue (Xylem and Phloem)

Q.12: Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Ans: Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue of angiospermic plants. It is present in cortex and pith of stem and roots. It is also present in mesophyll of leaves. When it contains chlorophyll, it is called Chlorenchyma, found in green leaves.

Q.13: What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Ans: Epidermis is a protective tissue of angiospermic plants. It provides protections to underlying tissues. Epidermis forms outer covering of various plant organs such as roots, stem, leaves, and flowers and remains in direct contact with the environment. Any substance whether solid, liquid or gas can enter into the plant or move outside only after passing through this layer. Epidermis helps in absorption, secretion, gaseous exchange and transpiration. It helps in preventing the entry of pathogens.      

Q.14: How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Ans: The cork cells are dead cells and do not have any intercellular spaces. The cell wall of the cork cells are coated with suberin (a waxy substance). Suberin makes these cells impermeable to water and gases. Cork is protective in function; it protects underlying tissues from desiccation, infection and mechanical injury.   

NCERT (CBSE) Class IX Science Chapter 6, Tissues - Further study

• TISSUES | NCERT Science - CBSE IXth Class Biology | Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
• Class 9, CBSE - NCERT Science Intext Questions Answers | Tissues
• Class IX, NCERT - CBSE Biology Science, Chapter 6, TISSUES | Notes and Sample Questions